Misuse of prescription medications has risen to popularity. Reasons for this practice include the self-medication of sleep and psychiatric disorders and attempts to counteract the dysphoric side effects of stimulant drugs. Clonazepam, a commonly prescribed benzodiazepine, has been increasingly used as a countermeasure to cocaine side-effects, including sleep reduction and anxiety. As both substances may impair sleep and aggravate psychiatric conditions, this study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of the interaction of clonazepam and cocaine on anxiety-like behavior, and the short-term effects of this drug combination on sleep using male Wistar rats. Animals received saline, cocaine (15 mg/kg), clonazepam (1.25 mg/kg) or both drugs for 16 days. Sleep recording was performed on the first day of treatment to evaluate acute treatment effects. One day after the end of the treatment period, the open field and elevated plus-maze tests were used to assess anxiety-like behavior. Blood samples were collected fored risks.

There have been conflicting results from observational studies regarding the risk of psychiatric adverse events (PAEs) with montelukast use.

To determine whether there are associations of depressive disorders, self-harm, and suicide with use of montelukast compared with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use.

Using data from the Sentinel Distributed Database from January 1, 2000, to September 30, 2015, patients (n= 457,377) exposed to montelukast or ICS, aged 6 years and older with a diagnosis of asthma, were matched 11 on propensity scores. Epalrestat supplier Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were estimated for each study outcome overall and by age, sex, psychiatric history, and pre-/post-2008 labeling updates using Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Exposure to montelukast was associated with a lower risk of treated outpatient depressive disorder (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.89-0.93). No increased risks of inpatient depressive disorder (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.90-1.24), self-harm (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.69-1.21), or self-harm using a modified algorithm (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.63-1.05) were observed with montelukast use compared with ICS use. Most PAEs occurred in the roughly one-third of patients having a past psychiatric history.

When compared with use of ICS, we did not find associations between montelukast use and hospitalizations for depression or self-harm events. Our findings should be interpreted considering the study’s limitations. Psychiatric comorbidity was common, and most PAEs occurred in patients with a past psychiatric history.

When compared with use of ICS, we did not find associations between montelukast use and hospitalizations for depression or self-harm events. Our findings should be interpreted considering the study’s limitations. Psychiatric comorbidity was common, and most PAEs occurred in patients with a past psychiatric history.

To identify areas of most restricted self-reported participation among veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI), explore associations among participation restriction and clinical characteristics, and examine differences in participation restrictions by sex.

Retrospective cross-sectional design.

National VA Polytrauma System of Care outpatient settings.

Veterans with a confirmed TBI event (N=6065).

Not applicable.

Mayo-Portland Participation Index (M2PI), a 5-point Likert-type scale with 8 items. Total score was converted to standardized T score for analysis.

The sample consisted of 5679 male and 386 female veterans with ≥1 clinically confirmed TBI events (69% white; 74% with blast exposure). The M2PI items with greatest perceived restrictions were social contact, leisure, and initiation. There were no significant differences between men and women on M2PI standardized T scores. Wilcoxon rank-sum analyses showed significant differences by sex on 4 items leisure, residence, employment, and financn treatment planning. Future work is needed to investigate the psychometric properties of the M2PI by biological sex.

The aims of this study were to analyze the effects of a dual-task group program, to compare it with the effects of a single-task group program, and to analyze the effects of functional secondary tasks.

Single-blind randomized controlled trial.

University laboratory and a rehabilitation gym at a health center.

Patients (N=40) with a diagnosis of Parkinson disease (mean age, 66.72y; age range, 44-79y) with Hoehn and Yahr stage I to III who were on medication were randomized to either a group with dual-task training or a group with single-task training (only gait).

Both interventions involved 20 sessions lasting 1 hour each and conducted twice a week. Dual-task training included walking exercises and cognitive or motor tasks carried out separately, then later performed together as a dual-task according to a progressive protocol in the same training session.

Velocity and spatiotemporal parameters of gait were measured without a secondary task and during dual-task gait combined with a visual, verbal, aapy without secondary tasks. Dual-task training also improves perceived quality of life.

Dual-task training in functional contexts is associated with greater improvements in velocity and stride length in patients with PD compared with regular physiotherapy without secondary tasks. Dual-task training also improves perceived quality of life.

To compare the effects of Liuzijue Qigong and conventional respiratory training on trunk control ability and respiratory muscle functions in patients at an early recovery stage from stroke.

A single-blind, randomized controlled trial.

A hospital.

Patients (N=60) within 2 months poststroke.

The experimental group (n=30) received conventional rehabilitation training combined with Liuzijue exercise, and the control group (n=30) received conventional rehabilitation training combined with conventional respiration training. The training in the 2 groups was conducted 5 times per week for 3 weeks.

Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximum expiratory mid-flow (MMEF), diaphragmatic movement, the change of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Modified Barthel Index (MBI). All outcome measures were assessed twice (at baseline and 3 weeks).