The concentration patterns of DNA molecules attached to the interface between two immiscible aqueous phases forming under an electric field are studied. The pattern formation is driven by hydrodynamic interactions between the molecules originating from the electro-osmotic flow due to the Debye layer around a molecule. A nonlinear integrodifferential equation is derived describing the time evolution of the concentration field at the liquid-liquid interface. A linear stability analysis of this equation shows that a mode of given wavelength is initially stable, but destabilizes after a critical time which is inversely proportional to the wavelength. The scaling behavior of the critical time with electric field strength and viscosity found in the experiments agrees with the predictions by the theoretical model.We provide a unified semiclassical theory for thermoelectric responses of any observable represented by an operator θ[over ^] that is well defined in periodic crystals. The Einstein and Mott relations are established generally in the presence of Berry phase effects for various physical realizations of θ[over ^] in electronic systems, including the familiar case of the electric current as well as the currently controversial cases of the spin polarization and spin current. The magnetization current, which has been proven indispensable in the thermoelectric response of electric current, is generalized to the cases of various θ[over ^]. In our theory the dipole density of a physical quantity emerges and plays a vital role, which contains not only the statistical sum of the dipole moment of θ[over ^] but also a Berry phase correction.Recently realized higher order topological insulators have taken a surge of interest among the theoretical and experimental condensed matter community. The two-dimensional second order topological insulators give rise to zero-dimensional localized corner modes that reside within the band gap of the system along with edge modes that inhabit a band edge next to bulk modes. Thanks to the topological nature, information can be trapped at the corners of these systems, which will be unhampered even in the presence of disorder. Being localized at the corners, the exchange of information among the corner states is an issue. Here we show that the nonlinearity in an exciton polariton system can allow the coupling between the different corners through the edge states based on optical parametric scattering, realizing a system of multiple connectible topological modes.In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) formulated an apparent paradox of quantum theory [Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)PHRVAO0031-899X10.1103/PhysRev.47.777]. They considered two quantum systems that were initially allowed to interact and were then later separated. A measurement of a physical observable performed on one system then had to have an immediate effect on the conjugate observable in the other system-even if the systems were causally disconnected. The authors viewed this as a clear indication of the inconsistency of quantum mechanics. In the parton model of the nucleon formulated by Bjorken, Feynman, and Gribov, the partons (quarks and gluons) are viewed by an external hard probe as independent. The standard argument is that, inside the nucleon boosted to an infinite-momentum frame, the parton probed by a virtual photon with virtuality Q is causally disconnected from the rest of the nucleon during the hard interaction. Yet, the parton and the rest of the nucleon have to form a color-singlet state due to color confinement and so have to be in strongly correlated quantum states-we thus encounter the EPR paradox at the subnucleonic scale. In this Letter, we propose a resolution of this paradox based on the quantum entanglement of partons. We devise an experimental test of entanglement and carry it out using data on proton-proton collisions from the Large Hadron Collider. Our results provide a strong direct indication of quantum entanglement at subnucleonic scales.The first-order Fermi acceleration of electrons requires an injection of electrons into a mildly relativistic energy range. However, the mechanism of injection has remained a puzzle both in theory and observation. We present direct evidence for a novel stochastic shock drift acceleration theory for the injection obtained with Magnetospheric Multiscale observations at the Earth’s bow shock. The theoretical model can explain electron acceleration to mildly relativistic energies at high-speed astrophysical shocks, which may provide a solution to the long-standing issue of electron injection.Global transport and communication networks enable information, ideas, and infectious diseases to now spread at speeds far beyond what has historically been possible. To effectively monitor, design, or intervene in such epidemic-like processes, there is a need to predict the speed of a particular contagion in a particular network, and to distinguish between nodes that are more likely to become infected sooner or later during an outbreak. Here, we study these quantities using a message-passing approach to derive simple and effective predictions that are validated against epidemic simulations on a variety of real-world networks with good agreement. In addition to individualized predictions for different nodes, we find an overall sudden transition from low density to almost full network saturation as the contagion progresses in time. Our theory is developed and explained in the setting of simple contagions on treelike networks, but we are also able to show how the method extends remarkably well to complex contagions and highly clustered networks.The propagation of a crack front in disordered materials is jerky and characterized by bursts of activity, called avalanches. These phenomena are the manifestation of an out-of-equilibrium phase transition originated by the disorder. signaling pathway As a result avalanches display universal scalings which are, however, difficult to characterize in experiments at a finite drive. Here, we show that the correlation functions of the velocity field along the front allow us to extract the critical exponents of the transition and to identify the universality class of the system. We employ these correlations to characterize the universal behavior of the transition in simulations and in an experiment of crack propagation. This analysis is robust, efficient, and can be extended to all systems displaying avalanche dynamics.